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1
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5329641/Bristol-student-dead-9th-life-2016.html

Student, 21, found dead in woods is NINTH studying in Bristol to take their own life in just 18 months
Raven Hunt, 21, was found dead in woodland after struggling with depression
The third-year student was diagnosed while preparing for her GCSE exams
Her death is the ninth student suicide in Bristol in just 18 months
Raven's devastated family have accused officials of trying to 'cover up' the death
By Scott Campbell For Mailonline

PUBLISHED: 12:14, 30 January 2018 | UPDATED: 14:02, 30 January 2018

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The family of Raven Hunt (pictured), 21, say she was found dead in woodland after struggling with withdrawal symptoms from taking an anti-depressant   +3
The family of Raven Hunt (pictured), 21, say she was found dead in woodland after struggling with withdrawal symptoms from taking an anti-depressant

A family has slammed a university and claimed authorities tried to 'cover up' their daughter's death after she took her own life - the ninth in the city in just 18 months.

The family of Raven Hunt, 21, say she was found dead in woodland after struggling with withdrawal symptoms from taking an anti-depressant.

They have criticised the University of the West of England in Bristol, where Raven studied sociology, for failing to contact them following her death last April.

The third-year student was initially diagnosed with anxiety and depression while preparing for her GCSE exams.

Doctors prescribed her anti-depressants and her mood fluctuated throughout the next few years, the family say.

She then started taking an anti-depressant eight weeks before her death after being given the drug by another student to cope with her anxiety issues ahead of her final exams.

Emmy had just broken up with her boyfriend two weeks before her death, was drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and decided to come off the drug.

Her family say she suffered anxiety as a result and took her own life.

She was one of nine university students from Bristol to take their life in 18 months - seven from Bristol University and two from UWE.

The family say no one from her university went to the inquest and they had no contact from anyone at UWE.

UWE have admitted they failed to keep proper contact records for not getting in touch sooner.

But the family say their lack of contact amounts to a lack of care from the uni which could have put other vulnerable students at risk.

Raven's heartbroken granddad, Richard, says he did not hear from UWE until he emailed the vice-chancellor Steve West after her inquest in July

Doctors prescribed Raven, pictured ,anti-depressants and her mood fluctuated throughout the next few years, the family say   +3
Doctors prescribed Raven, pictured ,anti-depressants and her mood fluctuated throughout the next few years, the family say

The university said it decided not to send anyone to the inquest as it was not their 'normal practice'.

Her mum Emmy said: 'I feel the university are trying to cover up. I feel like that anyway, even when I take myself out of the emotion of losing my daughter.

'It would have been a lot longer [for them to get in contact] if we didn't get in touch with them first. We would probably still be waiting now.

'When they don't help or don't contact us, or do anything to support the case, to me it's a cover up.

'Not just for my child, but for other children who have passed away. Pastoral care is zero, that's how I see it. How many more children have died?

'She enjoyed her time in Bristol, and wanted to stay there after university and work with children. She was very passionate about it.

'I don't know why she would throw it away.'

Richard added: 'I think they are incompetent. We've had no letter of condolence, nothing from the university until I emailed them.'

The family has spoken out for the first time after learning about the death of Justin Cheng on January 12, a Bristol University student who also took his own life.

Ged Flynn, chief executive of charity Papyrus, a UK charity dedicated to the prevention of young suicide, said the university's lack of action could have put the lives of Raven's family and friends at risk.

Raven (pictured) is the ninth student from Bristol's universities - seven at Bristol University and two at UWE - who took their own lives in an 18 months period   +3
Raven (pictured) is the ninth student from Bristol's universities - seven at Bristol University and two at UWE - who took their own lives in an 18 months period

Emmy - who brought up her four children single-handedly - knew something was wrong when Raven did not reply to a message on April 12.

Emmy got in contact with her daughter's friends and they launched a search for her. A dog walker found her hanged in Leigh Woods at around 1.45pm on April 13.

Raven was given a card with the Samaritans helpline number by her doctor but took her life before treatment could begin.

A day after Raven's birthday - and three months after she died - Richard decided to write to the vice-chancellor.

He had tried ringing the university twice before to get help but was brushed off with excuses that their systems were 'frozen' or that someone would get back to them.

Richard said: 'To me, it seems the dots aren't joined up inside the university. They don't have the systems or processes to deal with these things.

'It's difficult to say what's wrong. The fact we had to drive everything is evidence they are not up to job of looking after the students in their care.'

Mr Flynn of Papyrus said those most at risk after a suicide were those closest to the deceased.

He said: 'The public needs to understand the difference of talking about suicide and talking about methods.

'It's unacceptable for the university not to follow up with support. We engage in campaigns for better support for those who survive and are left behind.

'My message to all universities when this happens is to gather together and get your act together and conduct a safe and open discussion without romanticising suicide. Let the university wake up and smell the coffee.

'Suicide is the leading cause of death among young people. You have got to talk about it.

'The fact is that those who have been bereaved by suicide are at heightened risk of suicide as well. They will need that support.'

Professor Steve West, vice-chancellor at UWE, is also chairman of Universities UK Working Group on Mental Health in Higher Education.

He said: 'We are extremely sorry to learn the family were disappointed by the level of contact from the university following Raven's death.

'Despite systems being in place to facilitate emergency contacts for students, if contact details are not regularly updated issues can arise.

'An internal review concluded that while the university went to great lengths to establish contact with close relatives to offer our sympathies and support, complications arose and we failed to meet the required standards.

'As a result, changes have been made to our internal processes and these have been shared with the family.

'We have also offered our support to the family in their proposal to honour Raven's memory and raise awareness of the risks associated with drugs.

'Regarding antidepressant use highlighted by the family, an investigation into allegations has been carried out by the university in conjunction with police.'

Raven's devastated mum Emmy paid tribute to her 'caring and loving' daughter.

Emmy, from Southampton, said: 'Raven was caring and loving. We called her the Golden Child - I could count on one hand how many times I've had to tell her off.

'She was very fiercely protective of her family, and knew what she wanted to do with her life. She was close to her friends, she was such a likeable and loveable person.

'I brought my kids up not to judge anyone and Raven had friends from all walks of life.

'It's hard, but so many people tell me stories of her and how much they loved her.

'She was very bossy when she was growing up. When she was 15, she was at the birth of her youngest sister.

'She wanted to be there because she was so into midwifery. She was so amazing, she absolutely adored her siblings.'

Speaking of her heartache, she added: 'I don't sleep, I don't eat, I'm on anti-depressants and I get panic attacks. It's been really bad.

'I'm just trying to keep the kids together. I block it out, like it's not happening, but that is no way of dealing with it.

'I lost another child as a baby but - I'm not saying that wasn't hard - but this is different.

'I will never get over it or accept it, but I will have to learn to live with it. It's still so raw, she meant the world to me.'

Who are the nine students who have taken their own lives in Bristol?
Raven is the ninth student from Bristol's universities - seven at Bristol University and two at UWE - who took their own lives in an 18 months period.

First year student Daniel Green, 18, 'took his life' and was found hanging in his room at Goldney Hall on October 21, 2016.

In the narrative conclusion, a coroner said: 'Daniel James Green took his own life but the question of intent is inconclusive.'

Kim Long, pictured, an 18-year-old law student died of asphyxiation at his halls of residence on November 10
Lara Nosiru, 23, pictured, a final-year neuroscience student was found dead in the Avon Gorge on January 30, 2017
Kim Long, pictured left, an 18-year-old law student died of asphyxiation at his halls of residence on November 10. Lara Nosiru, 23, pictured right, a final-year neuroscience student was found dead in the Avon Gorge on January 30, 2017

Philosophy student Miranda Williams, 19, suffered paracetamol poisoning on October 10, and died three days later in hospital.

Kim Long, an 18-year-old law student died of asphyxiation at his halls of residence on November 10, and an inquest concluded he took his own life.

Lara Nosiru, 23, a final-year neuroscience student was found dead in the Avon Gorge on January 30, 2017.

Third year Elsa Scaburri, 21, pictured, was found hanged in a barn at a farm near her home near Salisbury on March 3 2017, an inquest heard
First-year student Sam Symons, 19, pictured, was found in his room at a halls of residence
Third year Elsa Scaburri, 21, pictured left, was found hanged in a barn at a farm near her home near Salisbury on March 3 2017, an inquest heard. First-year student Sam Symons, 19, pictured right, was found in his room at a halls of residence

A coroner concluded 'she took her own life whilst under the influence of drugs'.

Third year Elsa Scaburri, 21, was found hanged in a barn at a farm near her home near Salisbury on March 3 2017, after taking her own life, an inquest heard.

First-year student Sam Symons, 19, was studying law at the University of the West of England (UWE), also in Bristol, and was found in his room at a halls of residence.

James Thomson, 20, pictured, a second-year maths student, took his own life on October 25, 2017
Philosophy student Miranda Williams, 19, pictured, suffered paracetamol poisoning on October 10, and died three days later in hospital
James Thomson, 20, pictured left, a second-year maths student, took his own life on October 25, 2017. Philosophy student Miranda Williams, 19, pictured right, suffered paracetamol poisoning on October 10, and died three days later in hospital

He died during the night of Sunday, April 30, or in the early hours of Monday, May 1, and an inquest concluded suicide.

James Thomson, 20, a second-year maths student, took his own life on October 25, 2017. He hanged himself at the home he shared with uni friends.

 

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Feel too embarrassed to take friends home?
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Keep secrets about problems in your family?
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Believe no one could possibly understand how you feel?
You are not alone. Many families keep alcohol problems a secret, so sometimes it can feel like you are the only one. 1 in 5 children in the UK live with a parent who drinks too much. This means other people you know at school, clubs etc. may have similar problems, and may be trying to hide it.

If your parent, step-parent, grandparent, carer or anyone else important to you drinks too much, it can affect you, even if you are not living in the same house. A child of an alcoholic can be 1 or 101 – it doesn't change the fact that your parent drinks too much, and the problems this brings.

Alcoholism is like an illness, where the person has lost control over their drinking and usually needs help to stop. There is help and you can feel better if your parent continues to drink or not.

If you are a child affected by your mum or dad’s drinking, we hope this page will help.

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You are not responsible for your mum or dad’s drinking
You can’t control someone else’s drinking. Pouring away, watering down or hiding alcohol may make things worse, and the person drinking may become angry or secretive.

Alcohol affects the brain
Alcohol can make people forget things. They often don’t remember silly, embarrassing or other things they do when drunk. Try not to argue with your mum or dad when they are drinking; it may make things worse; they may say things they normally wouldn’t and may not remember the conversation later.

It’s not your fault
When someone has an alcohol problem, drinking becomes so important that they may upset people they love. Promises are often made but not always kept. Children may feel let down or forgotten.

Your mum or dad can only stop drinking when they are ready. There is help, but they have to accept that they have a problem and want to stop. Remember, your mum or dad’s drinking is never your fault.

The six Cs
I didn’t cause it
I can’t cure it
I can’t control it
I can take care of myself
I can communicate my feelings
I can make healthy choices
Ways to feel better
Talk to someone you trust
Talk about how you are feeling to a friend, relative, teacher or Nacoa. This is not telling on your family and it can make you feel less alone. At Nacoa we understand what it can be like when a parent drinks too much. We will listen and we won’t judge; you can trust us.

Find out more about alcohol and the effects on the family
Understanding how alcohol affects everyone in the family may help you to see things more clearly and help you to feel better. To find out more, see Information. You can also look at questions other children have asked in FAQs.

Spend time doing things you enjoy
Find time for things that you like. It maybe sport or hobbies, playing in your room or in the garden, reading a book or watching TV, or going to a friend’s. Perhaps join an after-school, youth or sports club, or a Scout or Girl Guide group. Sometimes worries can take over, and taking a break (even if just for a short while) can help. You are important too.

Understand that your feelings are normal
It’s OK to hate the problems drinking can cause, yet love the person who is drinking. Alcohol problems in the family can result in a lot of confusing and upsetting feelings. Talking and writing about your feelings can help. Some people like to keep a diary, write poems, or draw and paint.

Read other children’s stories
Reading the stories of other children who have a mum or dad that drinks too much can help you to know you are not alone. To read these stories, see our Children Experiences section.

Look at books about the problem
For books that may be helpful, see our Books section. Some of these books may be available at your local library.

Talk to Nacoa
At Nacoa, we understand what it’s like when a parent drinks too much. Our helpline is free and confidential. We won’t judge and we are here to help. Sometimes just talking or writing to someone helps.

When you call or email, you can tell us as little or as much as you want. Your calls or emails can be long or short and you can contact us as often as you want. You don’t even need to tell anyone else you’ve talked to us. For more information about contacting the helpline and our Nacoa Promise see helpline in our about section.

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Sometimes, when mums or dads drink they can change and hurt themselves and people around them. Call Nacoa and we can help you to make a plan just in case you get scared. It does not have to be about the drink problem but anything which frightens you. Making a plan means you will have all the things you need to stop feeling scared when you need it most.

Some children feel safe in their bedroom, or with their brothers and sisters, some children feel safe with someone they trust, like a grandparent or neighbour.
You could make lists of places where you feel safe and friends and family you trust with their telephone numbers so you have everything you need to keep safe and separate from the problems at home. You may like to print out and fill in this Important Numbers card to keep in your pencil case, wallet or bag.
If you are frightened at any time, contact Nacoa and we can help you to find a safe place or phone ChildLine on 0800 1111 and ask for help. The Police and Ambulance Service are also here to help and want you to be safe. You can call 999. They may put you in touch with someone from the Family Support Unit who knows what it’s like living with people who drink too much.
Even if you have other people – like Social Workers – in your life you can continue to contact Nacoa. Nacoa is here for life. You can call as often as you want, even if you just want to talk to someone so you are not alone.

Coping with the death of a parent
Sadly, sometimes when people have alcohol problems, it can lead to them dying. This is scary for everyone and can bring up lots of difficult feelings. If this has happened to you, you may also find it helpful to talk to someone like Nacoa and to read our Coping with the Death of a Parent information sheet.

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ChildLine

Helpline: 0800 1111

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COAP (Children of Addicted Parents)

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Young carers projects

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Media Stories / National-Helpline-For-Children-Of-Alcoholics
« on: December 31, 2017, 05:13:12 pm »
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/national-helpline-for-children-of-alcoholics-ntzj77hsl

A national helpline for the children of alcoholics will be set up after the health secretary Jeremy Hunt was moved to act by hearing his Labour shadow describe his upbringing as the child of an alcoholic father.

In a rare example of cross-party co-operation on the NHS, Hunt announced that he was drawing up a strategy to support the 200,000 children being raised by alcoholic parents.

He stepped in after Jonathan Ashworth, the shadow health secretary, spoke about his experiences last weekend, including in The Sunday Times.

Under plans unveiled today, £500,000 will be used to expand an existing local helpline and MPs from an all-party group will devise a support plan. Children of alcoholics are twice as likely to have problems at school and three times as likely to consider suicide.

“I pay tribute to the extraordinary bravery of people like Jon Ashworth who have spoken out about this issue with such honesty and passion.” Hunt said.

“This issue transcends party politics and I am committed to working with Jon, the parliamentary group and charities to deliver a plan that helps change the story for these young people.”

Ashworth said: “I am delighted that Jeremy Hunt has agreed to fund a national helpline so the children of alcoholics need not suffer in silence.”

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Children Family Support / "COA" Child of an Alcoholic
« on: December 31, 2017, 05:09:00 pm »

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Website's / Mad In The UK
« on: August 07, 2017, 12:51:21 pm »

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Website's / Mad in America
« on: August 07, 2017, 11:53:01 am »

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Website's / Dr David Healy blog
« on: August 07, 2017, 11:50:11 am »

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Website's / Rxisk.org
« on: August 07, 2017, 11:48:37 am »

11
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-485544/Diana-inquest-Henri-Pauls-parents-told-wasnt-drunk.html

Diana inquest: Henri Paul's parents were told he wasn't drunk
Last updated at 23:49 03 October 2007

Henri Paul
Lord Stevens told Henri Paul's grieving parents that their son had not been drinking heavily on the night of the crash only because they were upset at accusations he had been as 'drunk as a pig'.

His remarks were contradicted a month later in the offical Operation Paget report into the tragedy which concluded Diana and Dodi died because Paul was drunk and speeding.

The clash has been seized on by Mohamed al Fayed who says it is proof that 'Establishment' figures want to cover up their murders.

Yesterday, however, the coroner revealed that the former police chief's comments had been taken out of context.

He had, he said, only been trying to 'reassure' Jean and Gisele Paul who had been deeply upset by newspaper reports that he was an alcoholic who had been drinking heavily in the hours before the accident.

He also confirmed that tests had shown Paul was twice the French drink drive limit and traces of Prozac were found in his blood.

Lord Justice Scott Baker said: "Henri Paul was the acting head of security at The Ritz Hotel.

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It is alleged he worked for security services in France or in the UK and was instrumental in carrying out the plan, either inadvertently or otherwise, to have Diana and Dodi murdered in the underpass - a plan which, of course, resulted in his own death.

"It is further said that it was publicly and erroneously put about that he was unfit to drive through drink in order to cover up the real cause of the crash.

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diana crash scene inquest pictures
"Henri Paul's role and his actions leading up to the crash in the early hours of Sunday 31 August are critical to assessing the conspiracy to murder allegations."

As acting head of security at the Ritz, the 41-year-old worked closely with both Dodi Fayed and Mohamed, though he was not normally used as a driver. He joined the hotel in 1986 and had been in his new job for just two months when he died.

He was described by fellow employees as a conscientious member of staff who, the coroner said, "would find it difficult to say No".

On the night of the accident, Paul left work at 7pm but was called back after Diana and Dodi unexpectedly returned to the hotel.

No-one has ever been able to fill in what he did during those "missing hours".

What is beyond doubt, however, is that Paul was seen in the bar of the Ritz Hotel between 10pm and midnight consuming at least two glasses of Ricard, an aniseed liqueur.

And while there is no evidence to prove that he had consumed any alcohol before then, it was perfectly likely as at that stage Paul did not know he would be called back to work - let alone to drive his boss's car.

Tests carried out on blood and other body samples after his death indicate that Paul was twice the legal limit when he died.

These range between 1.74g to 1.87grammes per litre of blood. The legal limit in France is 0.5 per litre.

Further tests showed that Paul had been taking a cocktail of drugs including prozac to combat depression and sleeping pills for insomnia.

His close friend and doctor, Dominic Melo, has told how he also prescribed him Aotol, a drug to stop cravings for alcohol after Paul said he had become concerned about his drinking and was suffering feelings of 'isolation'.

Mr al Fayed, the court heard, firmly believes that Paul's samples were tampered with or swopped with those of an unnamed person, although DNA tests have proved they were from him.

What does continue to puzzle investigators, however, is the level of carbon dioxide in his blood.

Although this could have been affected by smoking, levels of the gas in the driver's blood samples were 'very high', more than 20 per cent.

Lord Justice Scott Baker admitted yesterday that Paul should have shown noticeable signs of impairment before his death. "If the sample is from him, how did it get to that level?" he said.

He also outlined outstanding questions about Paul's finances at the time of his death. In his pockets were a surprising 12,565 French francs - around £1,256 --while a further £170,000 was discovered in several bank accounts. His salary at The Ritz was around £1,500 a month.

Mr al Fayed claims this is proof that he was an intelligence informant. Paul's mother, however, says hotel clients tipped him lavishly.

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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4766332/Henri-Paul-says-British-police-told-Diana-murdered.html?login#comments

Henri Paul was on Prozac and been drinking on the night of the crash.

Father of Princess Diana's death crash driver Henri Paul claims British police told him she was murdered and his son was 'collateral damage'
Henri Paul's father Jean, 85, has claimed UK police told him Diana was murdered
He fears he will die without knowing the full story behind the August 1997 crash
An official inquest in 2008 ruled Diana and Dodi were unlawfully killed due to the 'gross negligence' of Mr Paul, who had been drinking
By Thomas Burrows for MailOnline
PUBLISHED: 23:15, 6 August 2017 | UPDATED: 00:21, 7 August 2017
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The father of Henri Paul, Princess Diana's driver on the night she died, has claimed UK police told him she was murdered.

Henri's elderly father Jean, 85, fears he will die without knowing the full story behind the crash.

Mr Paul, the acting head of security at the Ritz Hotel in Paris, was at the wheel of the Mercedes which crashed in the Alma Tunnel in the early hours of August 31, 1997 with Diana and Dodi Al Fayed in the back.

He said: 'Diana was killed and my son was killed. I believe they were both murdered. My son was simply ­collateral damage of a plot to kill Diana and they killed him as well.

'I am 100% sure he [Henri] was not involved in this plot. He was too honourable and too honest.'

Henri Paul was at the wheel of the Mercedes which crashed in the Alma Tunnel in the early hours of August 31, 1997 with Diana and Dodi Al Fayed in the back   +2
Henri Paul was at the wheel of the Mercedes which crashed in the Alma Tunnel in the early hours of August 31, 1997 with Diana and Dodi Al Fayed in the back

Despite an official inquest ruling Diana and Dodi were unlawfully killed due to the 'gross negligence' of Mr Paul, who had been drinking, Jean remains convinced it was part of an Establishment plot.

He even claimed some officers inside Scotland Yard believe there was a secret plot to kill Diana.

In an interview with the Daily Mirror he said: 'I have no real hope to know what really happened. Perhaps it will be known in 30 or 50 years. But I would really like to know before I die. But I don't think it will happen.'

The 85-year-old even sensationally suggested his son's blood sample was switched or tampered with to make it look like he had drink in his system.

He said: 'On that day there were over 20 autopsies that took place and it was easy for the authorities to switch blood samples to show alcohol was present in the sample they said was Henri's.

'That is what I believe happened.'

Many conspiracy theories have surrounded Diana's death, and Dodi's father, former Harrods owner Mohamed Al Fayed, has always insisted he believes the couple were murdered.

However an inquest in 2008 found Diana and Dodi were unlawfully killed due to the 'gross negligence' of Mr Paul, who had been drinking. A lack of seatbelts also contributed to their deaths.

And in 2013, the Met dismissed reports claiming SAS troops were behind the couple's death, ­insisting there was 'no credible evidence' of secret service involvement.

Diana's first lover after her marriage to Prince Charles, bodyguard Barry Mannakee, was killed in a 1987 motorcycle accident three weeks after being sacked by the Royal Family following rumours of their romance.

Some of his family believe the secret services were behind the death, but that has never been proven.

Jean's wife, former teacher Giselle, 87, was traumatised by their son's death and is now living in a care home.

In a previous interview she said: 'We believe there was a plot to kill the Princess that terrible night in August 1997.

'We know in our hearts that our son was murdered and we still live with the hope that one day the truth will be known.'

The couple have outlived all but one of their five sons. 

 

Read more:
'British police told me Princess Diana was murdered': Death crash driver's dad claims son was 'collateral damage' in plot - Mirror Online
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https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111115175354.htm

Serotonin system in women's brains is damaged more readily by alcohol than that in men’s brains, study finds
Date:
November 17, 2011
Source:
University of Gothenburg
Summary:
After only four years of problem drinking, a significant decrease in the function of the serotonin system in women’s brains can be seen. This is the system that regulates such functions as impulse control and mood. It takes 12 years before a corresponding decrease is seen in men.
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FULL STORY
After only four years of problem drinking, a significant decrease in the function of the serotonin system in women's brains can be seen. This is the system that regulates such functions as impulse control and mood. It takes 12 years before a corresponding decrease is seen in men. This is the conclusion of multidisciplinary research carried out at the Department of Psychology and the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

The research group in the multidisciplinary project Gothenburg Alcohol Research Project (GARP) has studied for the first time three of the major neurotransmitter substances in the brain in a single individual. They have studied a group of women and a group of men with alcohol dependence. The results will be published in January 2012 in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research.

"We have used what is known as neuroendocrine techniques to show that it is principally the serotonergic system in the brain that is seriously impaired by alcohol. This is the system that regulates impulse control and mood, among other functions," says Kristina Berglund, scientist at the Department of Psychology and representative for the research group.

Both men and women suffer adverse effects, but the effects arise much more rapidly in women. The results show that the function of women's serotonin system has fallen by 50% after as little as four years with problematic alcohol consumption, while it takes 12 years before the function of men's systems is halved.

"It is important to note that the damage is just as serious in men and women, but the time courses are different. We still don't know whether the serotonin system can repair itself, but there are research results showing that other damage to the brain can heal after a certain period without alcohol," says Ulf Berggren of the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg.

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University of Gothenburg. "Serotonin system in women's brains is damaged more readily by alcohol than that in men’s brains, study finds." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 November 2011. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111115175354.htm>.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26311211

Alcohol Alcohol. 2016 Mar;51(2):164-71. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agv090. Epub 2015 Aug 26.
Variation in the Serotonin Transporter Gene and Alcoholism: Risk and Response to Pharmacotherapy.

Thompson MD1, Kenna GA2.
Author information
Abstract
SLC6A4, the gene encoding the serotonin transporter protein (5-HTT), has been extensively examined as a risk factor for alcohol dependence (AD). More recently, variability in the transporter gene was identified to be a potential moderator of treatment response to serotonergic medications such as ondansetron and sertraline. There is an insertion-deletion polymorphism in the promoter region (5-HTTLPR) of the SLC6A4, with the most common alleles being a 14-repeat short (S) allele and a 16-repeat long (L) allele. The S allele has often been associated with AD. By contrast, the L allele has been associated with pharmacological responsiveness in some individuals with AD. Differences in clinical phenotype may determine the utility of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism as a moderator of pharmacological interventions for AD. We review the AD typology and disease onset in the context of pharmacogenetic and genomic studies that examine the utility of 5-HTTLPR in improving treatment outcomes.
© The Author 2015. Medical Council on Alcohol and Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

PMID: 26311211 PMCID: PMC4755552 [Available on 2017-03-01] DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv090
[Indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article

15
Normalizing Dopamine Levels in the Brain Can Reduce Alcohol Cravings Study Shows (2015)

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Normalizing Dopamine Levels in the Brain Can Reduce Alcohol Cravings Study Shows (2015)

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More than 16 million adults in the U.S. have an alcohol-use disorder
A scientific study has shown alcohol dependency can be treated by targeting the dopamine system.
Gautam Naik Oct. 14, 2015 12:27 p.m. ET
Scientists have shown that a drug that normalizes dopamine levels in the brain can reduce alcohol cravings in people dependent on drink.
The finding was based on two studies, one conducted on people and one on rats. In the human trial, patients who took the experimental drug showed a marked reduction in alcohol craving. A separate animal study suggested that the drug works by acting on dopamine levels.
“It is proof of concept” that alcohol dependency can be treated by targeting the dopamine system, said Pia Steensland, neuroscientist at Karolinska Institute in Sweden and co-author of both studies. “We need to do larger trials” to validate the results.
Current drugs for alcohol dependency aren’t especially effective. The population of patients is genetically diverse, so only certain subgroups benefit. Prescription rates are low. As a result, the need for better medicines is huge.
Alcohol makes the brain’s reward system release more dopamine than normal, triggering a feeling of well-being. But as more alcohol is drunk, the more the reward system is desensitized and the less dopamine is released. Eventually, a person drinks more alcohol not just to feel euphoric, but to attain a state of physical and emotional normality. Thus, addiction sets in.
More than 16 million adults in the U.S. have an alcohol-use disorder and nearly 88,000 people die each year from alcohol-related causes, according to the National Institutes of Health. In 2006, alcohol misuse cost the U.S. economy $223.5 billion, the NIH said.
For the human study, published Wednesday in the journal European Neuropsychopharmacology, scientists recruited 56 Swedish alcohol dependent men and women, who typically would drink the equivalent of a bottle of wine a day.
The participants abstained from drink for at least four days. Half were then given a placebo and half got OSU6162, a drug believed to stabilize dopamine levels. The patients were randomized and neither they nor the researchers knew who was getting the experimental drug and who was getting the placebo.
For two weeks, the participants could drink as much as they liked. On day 15, each person was offered a glass of their favorite drink. According to the study, the OSU group reported not enjoying their first sip as much as the placebo group. After the drink was finished, the OSU group reported a lower craving for alcohol compared to the placebo group.
In addition, those with the poorest impulse control—and thus at greater risk of relapse after a period of abstinence—responded best to the experimental drug.
Both the OSU and placebo groups reported only mild side effects. This is significant because other dopamine-based medicines, such as those used to treat schizophrenia, completely block dopamine and can lead to nasty side-effects, such as nausea.
The rights to OSU6162 are owned by Arvid Carlsson, professor emeritus at the Sahlgrenska Academy in Sweden and co-author of the human study. Dr. Carlsson, 92 years old, shared in the 2000 Nobel Prize for medicine for discovering that dopamine is a transmitter in the brain. His team also developed OSU6162.
To better understand how OSU6162 might work, Dr. Steensland and other researchers did a separate study on rats, also published Wednesday in the journal Addiction Biology. Rats that voluntarily drank alcohol over the course of almost a year had lower dopamine levels than animals that drank no alcohol. When OSU6162 was given to the “alcohol rats,” their dopamine levels returned to normal.
The human trial wasn’t designed to comprehensively evaluate whether the experimental drug could help people drink less. But because of the promising early-stage results, Dr. Steensland and her colleagues now hope to do a longer-term trial involving many more patients.
 
One step closer to a new drug for alcohol dependence
October 14, 2015
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet and the Sahlgrenska Academy in Sweden might be one step closer to finding an effective drug for alcohol dependence. In two separate studies, they show that the dopamine stabilizer OSU6162 can reduce the craving for alcohol in alcohol dependent people and normalises the level of dopamine in the brain reward system of rats that have consumed alcohol over a long period of time. However, thorough clinical studies are needed to determine if the OSU6162 also can help alcohol dependent people drink less alcohol.
"The results of our studies are promising, but there is still a long way to go before we have a marketable drug," says Pia Steensland, PhD, Associate Professo at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience of Karolinska Institutet, and co-author of both studies. "The socioeconomic costs of alcohol are huge, not to mention the human suffering. It is inspiring to continue working."
Roughly a million Swedes over 15 years of age drink so much alcohol that they risk damaging their health, and it is estimated that some 300,000 of these people are dependent. Despite the pressing need, there are only a few approved drugs for the treatment of alcohol dependence, but their effects vary from person to person and the prescriptions rates are low. Consequently the hunt for new, more efficacious drugs for alcohol dependence continues.
The studies of OSU6162 are based on the knowledge of how the brain reward system stimulates us to act in the interests of our own survival. Since dopamine creates a feeling of wellbeing, such as when we exercise or eat good food, the memory associates the two so that we will repeat the behaviour. Alcohol makes the brain reward system release more dopamine than normal, creating a pleasant euphoric sensation. However, the more alcohol drunk, the more the reward system is desensitised and the less dopamine is released. With time, greater volumes of alcohol are needed to cause intoxication and eventually to attain a state of physical and emotional normality - addiction has set in.
In the clinical study, which is published in the scientific journal European Neuropsychopharmacology¸ the scientists examined for the first time if OSU6162 can reduce the craving for alcohol in people with alcohol dependence. Half the participants were treated with OSU6162 and half with placebo for a fortnight, after which both groups were exposed to different situations that could be assumed to elicit a craving for alcohol. The results show that the experimental group experienced less of a craving for alcohol after drinking one glass of an alcoholic beverage.
"At the same time, the OSU6162 group reported not enjoying the first zip of alcohol as much as the placebo group," says Dr Steensland. "One interesting secondary finding was that those with the poorest impulse control, that is those thought to be most at risk of relapse after a period of abstinence, were those who responded best to the OSU6162 treatment."
A study of rats published at the same time in the scientific journal Addiction Biology adds to the understanding of how OSU6162 works, as it shows that rats that voluntarily consumed alcohol for almost a year had lower levels of dopamine in their brain reward system than rats that had never drunk alcohol. However, when the "alcohol rats" were treated with OSU6162 it was found that the substance counteracted the low concentrations of dopamine in the brain reward system.
"We therefore think that OSU6162 can reduce the alcohol craving in dependent people by returning the downregulated levels of dopamine in their brain reward system to normal," says Dr Steensland.
More information: 'The Effects of the Monoamine Stabilizer (-)-OSU6162 on Craving in Alcohol Dependent Individuals: A Human Laboratory Study', Lotfi Khemiri, Pia Steensland, Joar Guterstam, Olof Beck, Arvid Carlsson, Johan Franck, Nitya Jayaram-Lindström, European Neuropsychopharmacology, online 6 October 2015, doi:org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.09.018.
'The Monoamine Stabilizer (-)-OSU6162 Counteracts Down-Regulated Dopamine Output in the Nucleus Accumbens of Long-Term Drinking Wistar Rats', Kristin Feltmann, Ida Fredriksson, Malin Wirf, Björn Schilström, Pia Steensland, Addiction Biology, online 14 October 2015, DOI: 10.1111/adb.12304.

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